That's an excellent and very practical question! As someone who's managed public spaces, I've asked the exact same thing. The short answer is: yes, most quality outdoor trash cans are specifically designed to withstand all weather conditions, but the level of durability depends heavily on their construction.
Modern public and commercial bins aren't like your average home can. Manufacturers use materials like powder-coated steel, UV-stabilized polymers (heavy-duty plastics), and sometimes even concrete or stainless steel. These are chosen for their resistance to rust, corrosion, and cracking from temperature swings.
For rain, the key is in the design. Look for models with integrated drainage holes at the bottom. These allow water to escape, preventing the bin from becoming a stagnant, mosquito-breeding pond and reducing internal weight. For snow and ice, the material's flexibility is crucial. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) can contract and expand without becoming brittle and shattering in deep freezes.
However, "withstand" doesn't mean "immune to all wear." Prolonged exposure to extreme elements will cause fading from UV rays over many years. Cheaper, thin plastic bins may become brittle. The best practice is to choose a bin rated for "all-weather" or "commercial outdoor use" from a reputable supplier. So, while a blizzard or downpour won't destroy a well-made bin overnight, investing in a properly engineered one is what guarantees it lasts for seasons to come.